Unit 6: Linux 2024

6.1 Introduce Linux Operation System

Linux is an open-source operating system like other operating systems such as Microsoft Windows, Apple Mac OS, iOS, Google android, etc. An operating system is a software that enables communication between computer hardware and software. It conveys input to get processed by the processor and brings output to the hardware to display it. This is the basic function of an operating system. The Linux OS was developed by Linus Torvalds in 1991, which sprouted as an idea to improve the UNIX OS.

6.2 Explain Features of Linux

Multiuser capability
Multitasking
Portability
Security
Live CD/USB
Graphical User Interface
Support’s customized keyboard:
Application support
File System
Open Source

6.3 Illustrate advantages and disadvantages of Linux

Advantages of Linux

Highly Secure
Stable
Free and Open Source
Easy to use
Absolute Freedom over your system
High Performance

Disadvantages of Linux

No standard edition
Hard Learning Curve
Limited market share
Lack of proprietary software
Difficult to troubleshoot
Poor support for games

6.4 Explain Linux Family

Linux is a family of thousands of operating systems based on the Linux kernel. Linux itself is not an operating system, it is a computer kernel that works at the lowest of the operating system, and provides basic hardware services. Linux is everywhere, it will be in your mobile phone, computer, home appliance, car, television, etc.

There are three major distribution families:
Debian Family Systems (such as Ubuntu)
SUSE Family Systems (such as openSUSE)
Fedora Family Systems (such as CentOS)
Here are some popular Linux distributions:
Red Hat Enterprise Linux
Fedora
Ubuntu
CentOS
SuSE Linux Enterprise Server
OpenSuSE

6.5 Elaborate structure of Linux and Linux Basic Commands

* Structure of Linux

The Linux operating system’s architecture mainly contains some of the components: the Kernel, System Library, Hardware layer, System, and Shell utility.

Kernel:- The kernel is one of the core section of an operating system. It is responsible for each of the major actions of the Linux OS. This operating system contains distinct types of modules and cooperates with underlying hardware directly.
System Libraries:- These libraries can be specified as some special functions. These are applied for implementing the operating system’s functionality and don’t need code access rights of the modules of kernel.
System Utility Programs:- It is responsible for doing specialized level and individual activities.
Hardware layer:- Linux operating system contains a hardware layer that consists of several peripheral devices like CPU, HDD, and RAM.
Shell:- It is an interface among the kernel and user. It can afford the services of kernel. It can take commands through the user and runs the functions of the kernel.

linux structure — Fig: Basic Structure of Linux

* Linux Basic Command

1. pwd Command:

The pwd command is used to display the location of the current working directory.

Syntax: pwd

2. mkdir Command:

The mkdir command is used to create a new directory under any directory.

Syntax: mkdir <directory name>

3. rmdir Command

The rmdir command is used to delete a directory.

Syntax: rmdir <directory name>

4. ls Command

The ls command is used to display a list of content of a directory.

Syntax: ls

5. cd Command

The cd command is used to change the current directory.

Syntax: cd <directory name>

6. touch Command

The touch command is used to create empty files. We can create multiple empty files by executing it once.

Syntax: touch <file name>

touch <file1> <file2> ….

7. rm Command

The rm command is used to remove a file.

Syntax: rm <file name>

8. mv Command

The mv command is used to move a file or a directory from one location to another location.

Syntax: mv <file name> <directory path>

9. su Command

The su command provides administrative access to another user. In other words, it allows access of the Linux shell to another user.

Syntax: su <user name>

10. passwd Command

The passwd command is used to create and change the password for a user.

Syntax: passwd <username>

11. exit Command

Linux exit command is used to exit from the current shell.

Syntax: exit

12. clear Command

Linux clear command is used to clear the terminal screen.

Syntax: clear

13. whoami command

It tells you about the system’s username.

Syntax: whoami

14. cp Command

The cp command is used to copy a file or directory.

Syntax: cp <existing file name> <new file name>

15. head Command

The head command is used to display the content of a file. It displays the first 10 lines of a file.

Syntax: head <file name>

Unit 6: Linux